Employers can discipline and even dismiss employees for off-duty conduct. However, a recent decision of an Ontario court suggests that the circumstances in which outright termination is permitted are limited. In Merritt v Tigercat Industries, the court found that an employee who had been fired after being criminally charged with sexual assault was wrongfully dismissed. The employee was awarded damages for pay in lieu of notice of dismissal.
Mr Merritt was a 67 year old labourer with Tigercat Industries, a forestry and industrial machines company. He had been with the company since 1998 and was dismissed in February 2015. The company said it had just cause.
Merritt was arrested at a Tigercat facility and was charged with two counts of sexual assault against minors. Management met with Merritt the following day, but he declined to provide any details of the charges, saying only that the alleged events had not happened at the workplace and did not involve any Tigercat employees. Merritt was asked to resign, but refused. Instead, he agreed to take a two-week leave of absence.
When he returned to work, Merritt was fired immediately. No investigation report was generated and no written notice or reasons for termination were given.
Merritt then sued Tigercat for wrongful dismissal. The company took the position that Merritt had been terminated for cause based on his criminal charges and the reputational harm that those charges had caused to Tigercat.
The trial judge criticised Tigercat for failing to conduct an investigation before deciding to fire Merritt. The criminal charges were not associated with his employment and did not involve other employees. Further, there was no evidence of damage to Tigercat's reputation. The court determined that Tigercat had failed to demonstrate that it had just cause. Merritt was thus awarded 10 months' pay as damages for wrongful dismissal.
The decision highlights that improper conduct of an employee while not at work may form grounds for termination with cause, but in very limited circumstances. The onus is on the employer to prove that the off-duty conduct:
- harms the company's reputation or product;
- renders the employee unable to perform his or her duties satisfactorily;
- leads other employees to refuse or be reluctant or unable to work with him or her;
- amounts to a serious breach of the Criminal Code that is injurious to the general reputation of the company and its employees; or
- makes it difficult for the employer to manage its workforce efficiently and effectively .
These factors need not all apply. Depending on the impact, any one factor may warrant discharge for cause. What is crucial is that there is a justifiable connection between the conduct and the employer or nature of employment.
However, the court clearly stated that criminal charges alone do not constitute just cause for dismissal when they arise outside of work.
Off-duty conduct, no matter how reprehensible, generally will not constitute just cause for dismissal. There must be a clear link between the behaviour and the job, or the employee must be in a 'front line' or public position meaning that his or her continued presence could damage the employer's reputation.
Employers should proceed cautiously in these cases. A proper investigation is crucial. This process should involve obtaining relevant statements, keeping thorough records, complying with all workplace policies and giving the employee an opportunity to respond to the allegations of misconduct.
This is not to say that employers may never terminate or discipline employees for conduct outside the workplace; but employers should be aware of the risks and protect themselves from liability.
For further information on this topic please contact Hannah Roskey at Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP by telephone (+1 416 366 8381) or email ([email protected]). The Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP website can be accessed at www.fasken.com.