Introduction
Types of security-based compensation
New categories of security-based compensation plans
Shareholder approvals
Cashless exercise or net exercise
Disclosure requirements
Security-based compensation outside of plans
Review of adjustment provisions
Form 4G
Transitional provisions
Comment
On 24 November 2021, the TSX Venture Exchange (TSXV) issued a bulletin outlining significant amendments to its policies regarding security-based compensation (the amendments).
The amendments expand the TSXV's previous policies, which governed incentive stock options only, to address additional types of security-based compensation, and provide greater flexibility with respect to the categories of plans that may be adopted and how issuers can structure securities-based compensation arrangements generally.
The TSXV has changed the timing for its review of a plan's adjustment provisions.
The amendments came into effect on 24 November 2021 through the amendment of TSXV Policy 4.4 – Incentive Stock Options (the former policy) from 8 May 2013, which has been amended and renamed TSXV Policy 4.4 – Security Based Compensation (the new policy), and will govern the security-based compensation policies of all TSXV-listed issuers as of that date.
Types of security-based compensation
Prior to the amendments coming into effect, the former policy specifically only addressed stock options. As a result of the increasing popularity of alternative types of security-based compensation, and ambiguity with respect to how the former policy applied to these securities, the new policy explicitly contemplates the use of other types of security-based compensation in addition to stock options. This includes:
- deferred share units (DSUs);
- performance share units (PSUs);
- restricted share units (RSUs);
- stock appreciation rights (SARs); and
- any other compensation or incentive mechanism involving the issuance or potential issuance of securities from treasury (collectively, new compensation securities).
Previous lack of guidance with respect to new compensation securities resulted in various terms being used to describe different types of security-based compensation inconsistently and imprecisely, with no standardised definitions being used by TSXV-listed issuers. This resulted, at times, in confusion with respect to the specific attributes of a compensation security.
The new policy includes specific definitions for certain types of new compensation securities, including, DSUs, PSUs, RSUs and SARs, which must be adhered to for the purposes of the new policy. Issuers are advised to consider these definitions, and consult with counsel, when implementing or making any changes to their security-based compensation plans and policies, and when considering their compensation goals more generally.
New compensation securities will largely be subject to and governed by the TSXV rules that previously applied to stock options, with some noteworthy changes. New compensation securities cannot vest before a minimum one-year period from the date of grant or issuance. Vesting may be accelerated in limited circumstances: in the case of the death of a participant or if a participant ceases to be eligible under a plan in connection with a change of control, takeover bid, reverse takeover or similar transaction. In addition, new compensation securities cannot be granted or issued to persons providing investor relations services. Such persons may only be granted stock options that must vest in stages over a period of not less than 12 months such that:
- no more than one-quarter vest before three months from the grant date;
- no more than another one-quarter vest before six months from the grant date;
- no more than another one-quarter vest before nine months from the grant date; and
- the remaining one-quarter vest no sooner than 12 months after the grant date.
New categories of security-based compensation plans
The former policy permitted two types of stock option plans:
- rolling stock option plans – rolling stock option plans reserve for issuance pursuant to the exercise of stock options a number of shares up to a maximum of 10% of the issued shares of an issuer at the time of grant; and
- fixed stock option plans – fixed stock option plans reserve for issuance pursuant to the exercise of stock options a specified number of shares up to a maximum of 20% of the issued shares of an issuer at the date of implementation of the plan.
The new policy allows for four categories of security-based compensation plans (from which an issuer must choose one), as follows:
- rolling up to 10% – plan(s) under which the number of shares that are issuable pursuant to all such plan(s) in the aggregate is equal to a maximum of 10% of the issued shares of an issuer as at the date of grant or issuance of any security-based compensation under any of such plan(s);
- fixed up to 20% – plan(s) under which the number of shares that are issuable pursuant to all such plan(s) in the aggregate is a fixed specified number of shares up to a maximum of 20% of the issued shares of an issuer as at the date of implementation of the most recent of such plan(s);
- hybrid (rolling up to 10% and fixed up to 10%) – a hybrid category comprised of:
- a rolling stock option plan (stock option plan) under which the number of shares that are issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options is equal to up to a maximum of 10 per cent of the issued shares of an issuer as at the date of any stock option grant; and
- fixed plan(s) (other than stock option plans) under which the number of shares that are issuable pursuant to all such plan(s) in the aggregate is a fixed specified number of shares up to a maximum of 10% of the shares of the issuer as at the date of implementation of the most recent of such plan(s) (other than stock option plans); or
- fixed stock option plan up to 10% – a fixed stock option plan under which the number of shares that are issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options is a fixed specified number up to a maximum of 10% of the shares of the issuer as at the date of implementation of the stock option plan.
Categories one and two (rolling up to 10% and fixed up to 20%) reflect the two previously existing types of plans but have been expanded to permit the granting or issuance of new compensation securities in addition to stock options.
Category three (hybrid; rolling up to 10% and fixed up to 10%) is a new hybrid category, designed to provide additional flexibility to issuers in meeting their compensation needs.
Category four (fixed stock option plan up to 10%) is effectively a subset of category two (fixed up to 20%) in that it permits a fixed number up to 10% only and is further limited to stock options only.
Subject to limited exceptions, issuers must annually obtain shareholder approval of any rolling plan and must obtain shareholder approval of any fixed plan at the time it is implemented and when the number of shares issuable under the plan is amended (including any time issuers intend to increase the fixed limit). Category four above (fixed stock option plan up to 10%) is the only category of plan that issuers may implement without shareholder approval, subject to certain restrictions, including that such plans cannot have a net exercise provision (as discussed below) and the number of shares issuable under the plan cannot be increased more than once in a 24-month period. Any shareholder approval required in connection with the implementation or amendment of a plan must be at a meeting of shareholders and not by written consent.
In response to the TSXV's observation that many issuers fail to obtain required annual shareholder approval for rolling plans, the new policy no longer allows issuers to grant any security-based compensation under a plan that has not received the required annual approval.
Cashless exercise or net exercise
Under the former policy, the exercise price of stock options was required to be paid in cash. The new policy permits stock options to be exercised using "cashless exercise" or "net exercise", which were previously only available to TSX-listed issuers and not permitted to be included in TSXV-listed issuers' stock option plans. Where possible, the TSXV has used terminology in the new policy that aligns with TSX policies to align the TSXV's security-based compensation policies with those of the TSX, which is designed to facilitate TSXV-listed issuers' graduation to the TSX.
Cashless exercise often involves an arrangement with a brokerage firm pursuant to which the brokerage firm will lend an optionee money to purchase the shares underlying the stock options. The brokerage firm then sells a sufficient number of shares at the prevailing market price to cover the exercise price of the stock options in order to repay the loan made to the optionee. From there, the optionee either receives the balance of shares after such sale or cash proceeds from the balance of the shares.
Under a net exercise, an optionee exercises their options without making any cash payment to the issuer. Instead, optionees receive the number of underlying shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing:
- the product of the number of stock options being exercised multiplied by the difference between the volume weighted trading price of the shares and the exercise price of the stock options; or
- the volume weighted trading price of the underlying shares.
The availability of a net exercise option will facilitate the exercise of "in the money" options by participants without having to put in place any arrangements for financing the exercise of such options and will result in less dilution to issuers. Of note, if any stock options are exercised using a net exercise, the number of stock options available to an issuer under a particular plan will decrease by the number of options exercised, not the number of shares issued. Although net exercise will result in less dilution, issuers should consider their balance sheet requirements and compensation policies when deciding whether to include cashless exercise or net exercise provisions.
The TSXV has clarified the disclosure requirements for security-based compensation, so that it is easier for issuers to determine when a news release is required to announce the implementation or amendment of a plan, or the granting or issuance of security-based compensation.
Every plan that is adopted, agreement to grant or issue security-based compensation (to a director, officer or investor relations service provider) and every amendment to either a plan that is adopted or an agreement to grant or issue security-based compensation must be disclosed to the public by way of a news release on the day the plan is implemented or amended, or the security-based compensation is granted, issued or amended, as applicable. Guidance on what news releases should include is provided in the new policy. Issuers may wish to consider timing of multiple grants in order to aggregate and streamline the requisite news release disclosure. When security-based compensation is granted outside of a plan, there are additional disclosure requirements.
Security-based compensation outside of plans
Generally, all security-based compensation should be granted or issued under a plan. The new policy provides that issuers may issue security-based compensation outside of a plan in the following limited circumstances:
- Securities for services requirements – the new policy permits securities to be issued for services subject to satisfying certain requirements set out in the new policy and TSXV Policy 4.3 – Shares for Debt (policy 4.3), and in each case subject to the prior approval of the TSXV. The new policy requires that:
- such issuances be comprised solely of listed shares if the recipient is a non-arm's length party;
- the securities are not issued until after the services have been provided;
- the deemed value of the securities is determined after the date the services are provided and is not less than the discounted market price at such time; and
- such securities are not issued for services for investor relations activities, promotional or market making activities.
- Compensation owed to non-arm's length parties – under policy 4.3, an agreement by an issuer to settle outstanding debt for securities is subject to a number of requirements imposed by the TSXV. The TSXV may deny acceptance of any shares for debt transaction if the debt relates to management fees of more than $2,500 per month. Under the new policy, the limit has been increased to $5,000 per month per person and $10,000 per month in aggregate per issuer and requires such issuances be comprised solely of listed shares.
- One-time payments as inducement or severance – subject to prior approval of the TSXV, the new policy enables issuers to issue listed shares as an inducement or as severance without shareholder approval provided the maximum number of shares is limited to:
- 1% of the issued shares for any particular issuance;
- 1% of the issued shares to any one person in any 12-month period; and
- 2% of the issued shares to all persons in aggregate in any 12-month period.
- Loans – where an issuer wishes to lend funds to a person for the purpose of acquiring securities of the issuer, such loan must be specifically approved by the disinterested shareholders before being advanced. In addition, certain documentation, including the documentation evidencing the loan, the news release disclosing the loan and a draft information circular for the shareholder meeting at which the loan is to be approved or form of written consent, must be filed with the TSXV.
The TSXV will consider an application from an issuer to grant or issue security-based compensation outside of a plan in other situations, provided that the issuer obtains disinterested shareholder approval at a shareholder meeting or by written consent.
Review of adjustment provisions
As a general rule, issuers must receive TSXV acceptance of all plans at the time of implementation and, in the case of a rolling plan, yearly thereafter. To obtain the TSXV acceptance of a plan, issuers must file the plan with the TSXV for the TSXV's review and comment, among other things. An important new caveat to the TSXV's review of any plan so submitted is that the TSXV will no longer review adjustment provisions of plans (other than those relating to normal course security consolidations or splits) at the time plans are adopted. Instead, the TSXV will only review such provisions at the time an adjustment is triggered (eg, in the case of a change of control). As a result, any adjustment to security-based compensation granted or issued under a plan will be subject to the prior acceptance of the TSXV, including adjustments related to:
- amalgamation;
- merger;
- arrangement;
- reorganisation;
- spin-off;
- dividend; or
- recapitalisation.
Where a merger, acquisition or other change of control transaction triggers a review of a plan by the TSXV, the transaction timeline should build in time for the TSXV review and approval. Whether this introduces new risk that should be addressed in definitive agreements should also be considered.
The former Form 4G has been expanded to address new compensation securities and to include "snapshot" summaries of outstanding plans and outstanding security-based compensation. The new Form 4G is a simplified reporting form and will no longer be used by issuers to apply to the TSXV for its acceptance of a proposed amendment to security-based compensation. Instead, a letter application will be required for such acceptance of a proposed amendment.
The new Form 4G now also includes the former Form 4F as its Schedule "A". The Form 4F certification and undertaking required from an issuer granting an incentive stock option has been repealed, as the new Form 4G incorporates the substantive contents of Form 4F.
The new policy permits plans filed with the TSXV prior to 24 November 2021 (a legacy security-based compensation plan) to remain in force in accordance with their existing terms. However, any outstanding plan that does not comply with the new policy will need to be amended to comply with the new policy the next time it is placed before shareholders for approval. Furthermore, any security-based compensation granted, issued or amended after 23 November 2021, other than legacy security-based compensation, must comply with the new policy.
In light of the amendments, TSXV-listed issuers should review their existing plans and security-based compensation policies to consider what amendments may be required to their plans going forward and in connection with the upcoming proxy season. In addition, issuers will need to be alert to the TSXV approval requirements, with respect to relevant adjustment provisions, in the event of a merger, acquisition or change of control transaction. The amendments provide issuers with the opportunity to review their current security-based compensation policies and consider available alternatives that will enable them to incentivise directors, management, employees and external consultants while preserving cash.
For further information on this topic please contact Graeme Martindale or Breanna Chesley at Borden Ladner Gervais LLP by telephone (+1 416 367 6000) or email ([email protected] or [email protected]). The Borden Ladner Gervais LLP website can be accessed at www.blg.com.
Breanne Lehodey assisted in the preparation of this article.