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European Union (EU) Regulation 12272011 on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency (REMIT), which came into force on December 28, regulates at an EU-level, the wholesale energy markets
The Market Abuse Directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in early 2003, introducing a framework to combat market abuse in the European Union
The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) came into force in November 2007 and aimed to enhance investor protection, improve cross-border market access and promote financial market competition across the European Union (EU). In December 2010 the European Commission (EC) published an expansive review of MiFID
On 27 September 2012, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) published its draft technical standards in the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR
